These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, cristae, and matrix.Īlthough most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus, the mitochondrion has its own genome ("mitogenome") that is substantially similar to bacterial genomes. The mitochondrion is composed of compartments that carry out specialized functions. A mature red blood cell has no mitochondria, whereas a liver cell can have more than 2000. The number of mitochondria in a cell can vary widely by organism, tissue, and cell type. Mitochondria have been implicated in several human disorders and conditions, such as mitochondrial diseases, cardiac dysfunction, heart failure and autism. Mitochondrial biogenesis is in turn temporally coordinated with these cellular processes. In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling, cellular differentiation, and cell death, as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth. Unless specifically stained, they are not visible. Mitochondria are commonly between 0.75 and 3 μm 2 in cross section, but vary considerably in size and structure. One eukaryote, Monocercomonoides, is known to have completely lost its mitochondria, and one multicellular organism, Henneguya salminicola, is known to have retained mitochondrion-related organelles in association with a complete loss of their mitochondrial genome. A large number of unicellular organisms, such as microsporidia, parabasalids and diplomonads, have reduced or transformed their mitochondria into other structures. Some cells in some multicellular organisms lack mitochondria (for example, mature mammalian red blood cells). The mitochondrion is popularly nicknamed the "powerhouse of the cell", a phrase coined by Philip Siekevitz in a 1957 article of the same name. The term mitochondrion was coined by Carl Benda in 1898. They were discovered by Albert von Kölliker in 1857 in the voluntary muscles of insects. Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used throughout the cell as a source of chemical energy. A mitochondrion ( / ˌ m aɪ t ə ˈ k ɒ n d r i ə n/ PL: mitochondria) is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi.
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